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The characteristic dimensions of compactified strings are extremely small, of the order of 10–33 cm (of the order of the Planck length) therefore, they are inaccessible for observation in experiment. If there were an explicit mechanism for extrapolating strings into low-energy physics, string theory would present all fundamental particles and their interactions as constraints on the excitation spectra of non-local one-dimensional objects. Atomic level - protons, neutrons and electrons The levels of the structure of the world:ģ. The development of string theory continues, and there is hope that the missing elements of string theories and the corresponding phenomena will be found in the near future, including as a result of experiments at the Large Hadron Collider. ĭespite these difficulties, the development of string theory stimulated the development of mathematical formalisms, mainly algebraic and differential geometry, topology, and also allowed a deeper understanding of the structure of the preceding theories of quantum gravity.
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A large number of possible solutions since the late 1970s and early 1980s created a problem known as the “landscape problem”, and therefore some scientists doubt whether string theory deserves scientific status. One of the main problems when attempting to describe the procedure for reducing string theories from dimension 26 or 10 to low-energy physics of dimension 4 is the large number of compactifications of extra dimensions on Calabi-Yau manifolds and on orbifolds, which are probably special limiting cases of spaces Calabi - Yau.
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The theory that arose for describing hadron physics, but not quite suitable for this, turned out to be in a kind of experimental vacuum describing all interactions. But, in spite of the mathematical rigor and integrity of the theory, the variants of experimental confirmation of string theory have not yet been found. The mid-1980s and mid-1990s were marked by the rapid development of string theory, and it was expected that the so-called “unified theory” or “theory of everything” would be formulated on the basis of string theory, which Einstein unsuccessfully dedicated to decades. Quantum theory of strings arose in the early 1970s as a result of the conceptualization of Gabriele Veneziano’s formulas related to string models of the structure of hadrons. This approach, on the one hand, allows us to avoid such difficulties of quantum field theory as renormalization, and, on the other hand, leads to a deeper look at the structure of matter and space-time. String theory is based on the hypothesis that all elementary particles and their fundamental interactions arise as a result of vibrations and interactions of ultramicroscopic quantum strings on scales of the order of a Planck length of 10 −35 m. Interaction in the microworld: Feynman diagram in the standard model and its analogue in string theory